The risk and severity of specific infections are increased during pregnancy due to a
combination of physiological and immunological changes. Characterizing the maternal …

Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond
sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been …

A successful pregnancy requires a fine-tuned and highly regulated balance between
immune activation and embryonic antigen tolerance. Since the fetus is semi-allogeneic, the …

Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious
diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases …

Preeclampsia (PE) affects 5–7% of all pregnancies in the United States and is the leading
cause of maternal and prenatal morbidity. PE is associated with hypertension after week 20 …

Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-
antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic …

Pregnancy and Infection | New England Journal of Medicine Skip to main content The New
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Chronic inflammatory lesions of the placenta are characterized by the infiltration of the organ
by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and/or macrophages and may result from infections (viral …

The maternal-fetal interface undergoes dynamic changes to allow the fetus to grow and
develop in the uterus, despite being recognized by the maternal immune cells. Within the …

The early stages of life are associated with increased susceptibility to infection, which is in
part due to an ineffective immune system. In the context of infection, the immune system …