This paper reviews the improvement of grounding impedance in grounding system by
means of enhancement materials. Various enhancement materials for the past 20 years will …

This study aims to investigate how the electrical-resistivity of different soils and grounding
enhancement-materials is influenced by water-content and the dehydration under ambient …

This article presents for the first time the advantages of performing soil resistivity
measurements with electrode arrangements different than in a straight-line. The obtained …

Bentonite is low resistance water retaining conductive clayey material often used as
grounding enhancement material, particularly in a troubled environment. Due to its unique …

The maximum permissible load of underground power cables (known in US engineering as
“ampacity”) is a function of many parameters, in particular, the thermal resistivity of the native …

In this paper, the finite-elements method was used to analyze the approximation being
typically used in the international standards for the calculation of the touch voltage …

An extensive field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of earth-enhancing
compounds on earthing systems. Four identical vertical earth rods were installed, each …

This paper presents a comparative analysis of different earthing designs' performances, with
particular interest on the use of earthing enhancing compound (EEC) for a selected earthing …

Soil resistivity is the key parameter influencing resistance and potential distribution on the
soil surface for grounding systems and electrodes for HVDC power transmission. The paper …

Among the important influences on grounding systems are soil resistivities, as well as
climatic changes such as temperature and humidity. Previous scientific research in soil …