Over the past several decades, much has been revealed about the nature of the host innate
immune response to microorganisms, with the identification of pattern recognition receptors …

Immune responses in the CNS are common, despite its perception as a site of immune
privilege. These responses can be mediated by resident microglia and astrocytes, which are …

In mammals, the enzyme cGAS senses the presence of cytosolic DNA and synthesizes the
cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) 2′ 3′-cGAMP, which triggers STING-dependent immunity. In …

Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …

To combat infection, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on multiple innate defense
reactions, many of which are shared with higher organisms. These reactions include the use …

Drosophila mounts a potent host defence when challenged by various microorganisms.
Analysis of this defence by molecular genetics has now provided a global picture of the …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly
located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer …

Microbial DNA sequences containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides activate Toll-like
receptor 9 (TLR9). We have found that TLR9 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) …

The membrane receptor Toll and the related Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for
their universal function in innate immunity. However, Toll/TLRs were initially discovered in a …

A host can evolve two types of defence mechanism to increase its fitness when challenged
with a pathogen: resistance and tolerance. Immunology is a well-defined field in which the …