Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting
cortisol biosynthesis. Reduced activity of an enzyme required for cortisol production leads to …

Androgens are essential sex steroid hormones for both sexes. Testosterone (T) is the
predominant androgen in males, while in adult females, T concentrations are about 15-fold …

Although lung cancer risk among smokers is dependent on smoking dose, it remains
unknown if this increased risk reflects an increased rate of somatic mutation accumulation in …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis is of relevance in many processes related to the
development, maturation and ageing of the male. Through this axis, a cascade of …

The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) protein superfamily contains> 190 members that fall into 16
families and are found in all phyla. These enzymes reduce carbonyl substrates such as …

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of autosomal recessive disorders encompassing
enzyme deficiencies in the adrenal steroidogenesis pathway that lead to impaired cortisol …

Adrenarche is the maturational increase in adrenal androgen production that normally
begins in early childhood. It results from changes in the secretory response to …

Until the mid-1980s studies of steroidogenesis largely depended on identifying steroid
structures and measuring steroid concentrations in body fluids. The molecular biology …

Highlights•Sex development depends on spatio-temporal sequence & coordination of
mutually antagonistic activating & repressing factors.•Disorders of sex development can be …