This paper is a critical synthesis of the causes, effects and challenges of the Sahelian
droughts. The results show that the four main causes of the Sahelian droughts are as …

Pakistan is home to many natural and artificial bodies of water, which are inevitable for
agriculture, domestic use, recreation, etc. In the arid, semi-arid, and wet areas of the land …

The present food shortages in the Horn of Africa and the West African Sahel are affecting 31
million people. Such continuing and future crises require that people in the region adapt to …

We investigate the “typical” global and large-scale regional precipitation patterns that are
associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Monthly precipitation time series …

Remotely sensed measurements from NOAA-AVHRR expressed as normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) have generated a 23-year time series appropriate for long-term …

Various methods for combining station temperature and precipitation time series into
regional series are examined. Interpolation of the station series on to regular grid‐boxes of …

For the last four decades there has been sustained scientific interest in contemporary
environmental change in the Sahel (the southern fringe of the Sahara). It suffered several …

This book embodies the results of thirteen years of research in drought-prone rural areas in
the semi-arid zone of northern Nigeria. It describes the patterns of adaptive behaviour …

In the subsurface of the East Mediterranean Sea, eleven discrete basin-wide, organic-rich,
black sapropels were deposited during the last 465 000 years. They are dated by oxygen …

With significant advances in the field of atmospheric radiation and remote sensing in recent
years, the need for an up-to-date treatment of radiation and cloud physics has become …