Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) cultures do not fully reflect the human organs' physiology
and the real effectiveness of the used therapy. Therefore, three-dimensional (3D) models …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been extensively utilized in
various mechanistic studies as well as for drug development studies as superior in vitro …

Hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment has the potential to give rise to significant radiation
and drug resistance that can contribute to tumor recurrence and or low treatment efficacy. If …

Although the enormous potential of droplet-based microfluidics has been successfully
demonstrated in the past two decades for medical, pharmaceutical, and academic …

In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) spheroid technology has emerged as a crucial
instrument in the realm of cancer research, offering a near-physiological model for probing …

Bacteria-assisted chemotherapeutics have been highlighted as an alternative or
supplementary approach to treating cancer. However, dynamic cancer–microbe studies at …

An acoustofluidic trap is used for accurate 3D cell proliferation and cell function analysis in
levitation. The prototype trap can be integrated with any microscope setup, allowing …

Tumor spheroids are one of the well-characterized 3D culture systems bearing close
resemblance to the physiological tissue organization and complexity of avascular solid …

In contrast to traditional two-dimensional cell-culture conditions, three-dimensional (3D) cell-
culture models closely mimic complex in vivo conditions. However, constructing 3D cell …

This comprehensive overview of the historical milestones in cell culture underscores key
breakthroughs that have shaped the field over time. It begins with Wilhelm Roux's seminal …