The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

In 1966, Shik, Severin and Orlovskii discovered that electrical stimulation of a region at the
junction between the midbrain and hindbrain elicited controlled walking and running in the …

Arrest of ongoing movements is an integral part of executing motor programs. Behavioral
arrest may happen upon termination of a variety of goal-directed movements or as a global …

Distributed within the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT
and PPT), cholinergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum have long been …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has been initially identified as a supraspinal
center capable of initiating and modulating locomotion. Whereas its functional contribution to …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), fibrillar forms of α-synuclein are hypothesized to propagate
through synaptically coupled networks, causing Lewy pathology (LP) and …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is situated in the upper pons in the dorsolateral
portion of the ponto-mesencephalic tegmentum. Its main mass is positioned at the trochlear …

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) is a neurochemically and functionally
heterogeneous structure that occupies a strategic position in the dorsal tegmentum of the …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) serves as an interface between higher-order
motor systems and lower motor neurons. The excitatory module of the MLR is composed of …

Though a multi-facetted disorder, Parkinson's disease is prototypically characterized by
neurodegeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars …