Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO 2 to regulate breathing (central
respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

The ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata has been suspected since the 1960s to
harbor central respiratory chemoreceptors [ie, acid-activated neurons that regulate breathing …

Data from perinatal and juvenile rodents support our hypothesis that the preBötzinger
complex generates inspiratory rhythm and the retrotrapezoid nucleus–parafacial respiratory …

The chemical neuroanatomy of breathing must ultimately encompass all the various
neuronal elements physiologically identified in brainstem respiratory circuits and their …

We discuss recent evidence which suggests that the principal central respiratory
chemoreceptors are located within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and that RTN neurons …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains noncholinergic noncatecholaminergic
glutamatergic neurons that express the transcription factor Phox2b (chemically coded or “cc” …

Injection of the neurotoxin saporin–substance P (SSP‐SAP) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus
(RTN) attenuates the central chemoreflex in rats. Here we ask whether these deficits are …

A substantial array of respiratory, cardiovascular, visceral and somatic afferents are relayed
via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the brainstem (and forebrain). Despite some …

Breathing automaticity and CO2 regulation are inseparable neural processes. The
retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a group of glutamatergic neurons that express the …