We revisit the study of organizational goals, outcomes, and assessment of performance that
together define the process leading to 'success'. We begin by conducting a systematic …

Drawing on spiritual leadership theory and intrinsic motivation theory, we proposed a
homologous multilevel model to explore the effectiveness of spiritual leadership on …

Many decision makers still question the usefulness of multi-criteria decision-making
methods and prefer to rely on intuitive decisions. In this study we evaluated a number of …

Will college students who set goals work harder and perform better? We report two field
experiments that involved four thousand college students. One experiment asked treated …

Targets are an integral component of management control systems and play a significant
role in achieving desirable performance outcomes. We focus on a key environmental …

An increasing number of workers participate in online labor markets. In contrast to traditional
employment relationships within firms, the interaction between online workers and their …

In a large-scale field study of marathon runners, we test whether goals act as reference
points in shaping the valuation of outcomes. Theories of reference-dependent preferences …

We provide first evidence that a soft commitment device enhances progress in education
and, more generally, improves the completion of complex tasks—such as passing exams. In …

Worker flexibility in effort allocation is a crucial factor for productivity and optimal job design.
This paper runs a real‐effort experiment that manipulates both the degree and type of …

We study goal setting using a randomized field experiment involving 1092 first-year
undergraduate students. Students have private mentor-student meetings during the year …