Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a
global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean …

Prolonged high-temperature extreme events in the ocean, marine heatwaves, can have
severe and long-lasting impacts on marine ecosystems, fisheries and associated services …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

A reanalysis is a physically consistent set of optimally merged simulated model states and
historical observational data, using data assimilation. High computational costs for modeled …

The ocean plays a dominant role in the global water cycle. It is the center of action for global
evaporation and precipitation and supplies the moisture that falls as continental …

Abstract The Observing Air–Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) is a new United Nations
Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development programme working to develop a …

Forecast errors of subsurface temperature and salinity are substantially reduced with an
efficient, two-step, multiscale Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) system, applied to a …

A regional‐scale fully coupled data assimilation (DA) system based on the ensemble
Kalman filter is developed for a high‐resolution coupled atmosphere‐ocean model. Through …

Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecasts have the potential to provide advance information
about weather and climate events. The high heat capacity of water means that the …