The detection of cancer biomarkers in histological samples and blood is of paramount
importance for clinical diagnosis. Current methods are limited in terms of sensitivity …

Upconversion is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that involves the emission of high‐energy
photons by sequential absorption of two or more low‐energy excitation photons. Due to their …

Lanthanide-doped glasses and crystals are attractive for laser applications because the
metastable energy levels of the trivalent lanthanide ions facilitate the establishment of …

Nanoparticles are generally defined as any particulate material for which at least one
dimension lies in the range of 1− 100 nm. 1− 3 They can exist in various shapes, such as …

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals enable anti-Stokes emission with pump
intensities several orders of magnitude lower than required by conventional nonlinear …

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess the remarkable ability to
convert multiple near-infrared (NIR) photons into higher energy ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) …

Light in the near‐infrared (NIR) spectral region is increasingly utilized in bioapplications,
providing deeper penetration in biological tissues owing to the lower absorption and …

Luminescence-based techniques continue to attract considerable attention due not only to
their current range of applications but also to their wide potential in the fields of optical …

Lanthanides refer to the 15 elements located at the sixth period and IIIB group in the periodic
table, ranging from lanthanum to lutetium, with the electronic configuration of [Xe] 4f n–1 5d …

Among luminescent nanostructures actively investigated in the last couple of decades, rare
earth (RE3+) doped nanoparticles (RENPs) are some of the most reported family of …