Reassortment is the process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. This genetic
exchange is possible due to the segmented nature of the viral genome and occurs when two …

Influenza A viruses are constantly changing. This change accounts for seasonal epidemics,
infrequent pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks. A major mechanism underlying the genetic …

The year 2020 was a turning point in history and in global health. The COVID-19 pandemic
has highlighted the potential for deadly epidemic-prone diseases to overwhelm our …

The evolutionary dynamics of influenza virus ultimately derive from processes that take
place within and between infected individuals. Here we define influenza virus dynamics in …

Influenza A virus is characterized by high genetic diversity,,. However, most of what is known
about influenza evolution has come from consensus sequences sampled at the …

Reassortment is fundamental to the evolution of influenza viruses and plays a key role in the
generation of epidemiologically significant strains. Previous studies indicate that …

The rapid global evolution of influenza virus begins with mutations that arise de novo in
individual infections, but little is known about how evolution occurs within hosts. We review …

Highlights•Bottlenecks restrict the transmission of genetic diversity between hosts.•A variety
of methods can be used to estimate bottleneck size in experimental and natural …

Avian influenza (AI) viruses of the H7 subtype have the potential to evolve into highly
pathogenic (HP) viruses that represent a major economic problem for the poultry industry …

The prospect of using whole genome sequence data to investigate bacterial disease
outbreaks has been keenly anticipated in many quarters, and the large-scale collection and …