Despite the accumulation of research on indirect reciprocity over the past 30 years and the
publication of over 100,000 related papers, there are still many issues to be addressed …

Costly punishment and reward have been regarded as potential means to handle the
conundrum of cooperation. However, providing incentives is costly, thus the emergence of …

Punishment is a key incentive to maintain cooperation. But it is costly, hence its effectiveness
is under permanent debate. To overcome this difficulty, we here introduce a sampling …

Low-reputation defectors are more likely to be punished than defectors with high
reputations. Motivated by this reality, this paper proposes a new mechanism, the reputation …

The emergence and mechanism of cooperation in social dilemmas have always been
fundamental issues in evolutionary game theory. In this paper, we study the snowdrift game …

A social dilemma implies that individuals will choose the defection strategy to maximize their
individual gains. Reward is a powerful motivator to promote the evolution of cooperation …

Heterogeneity plays a critical role in promoting cooperation for various evolutionary systems,
which has received widespread attention and research from relevant scholars. Additionally …

As we all know, the reputation has important influence on individual's decision-making. How
to effectively and objectively measure reputation is very important in based-reputation …

In this study, we propose a new second-order reputation evaluation rule in the spatial public
goods games, in which both actions of the individual and his neighbors with the worst …

Focusing on the behavior and outcomes, Prisoner's dilemma research rarely encompasses
the examination of the effects of (un) awareness. To bridge the research gap, the aim is to …