The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential biological functions in all eukaryotic
cells. In addition to providing a structural framework around which cell shape and polarity …

The molecular details of mammalian stress-activated signal transduction pathways have
only begun to be dissected. This, despite the fact that the impact of these pathways on the …

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and
constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is …

Rho GTPases control many aspects of cell behavior through the regulation of multiple signal
transduction pathways (Van Aelst and D'Souza-Schorey 1997; Hall 1998). Rho, Rac, and …

Cell adhesion is critical for the genesis and maintenance of both three-dimensional structure
and normal function in tissues. The biochemical entities mediating cell adhesion are …

Intellectual disability (ID), also referred to as mental retardation (MR), is frequently the result
of genetic mutation. Where ID is present together with additional clinical symptoms or …

Background Cancer staging and treatment presumes a division into localized or metastatic
disease. We proposed an intermediate state defined by≤ 5 cumulative metastasis (es) …

Cdc42p is an essential GTPase that belongs to the Rho/Rac subfamily of Ras-like GTPases.
These proteins act as molecular switches by responding to exogenous and/or endogenous …

Abstract Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI (3) K) are important regulators of receptor signaling
cascades and intracellular membrane trafficking. To date, no protein domain has been …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are ancient signal transducers well
characterized as mediators of inflammation and neoplastic transformation. Recent work has …