Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary
route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in …

The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) A (H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 …

The role of Africa in the dynamics of the global spread of a zoonotic and economically-
important virus, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx of the Gs/GD …

Wild migratory birds have the capability to spread avian influenza virus (AIV) over long
distances as well as transmit the virus to domestic birds. In this study, swab and tissue …

For several years, poultry production in Egypt has been suffering from co‐circulation of
multiple respiratory viruses including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 …

The global spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) of clade 2.3. 4.4 b since 2016 has caused
severe losses in wild birds and poultry and has posed a risk for the infection of mammals …

Wild birds of the orders Anseriforme s (mainly ducks, geese and swans) and
Charadriiformes (mainly gulls, terns and waders) constitute the natural reservoir for low …

ABSTRACT A total of 50 poultry farms of commercial broilers (N= 39) and commercial layers
(N= 11) suffered from respiratory problems and mortality during the period from January …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and H5N8 have become endemic among
domestic poultry in Egypt since 2006 and 2016, respectively. In parallel, the low pathogenic …

Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in
wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with …