Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the
global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes …

The decarbonization of industry and industrial systems is a pressing challenge given the
relative lack of low-carbon options available for “hard to decarbonize” sectors such as …

Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical
compounds used as fuels─ energy that is needed for power generation, transportation …

The iron and steel industry is the largest coal consumer and the most greenhouse gas
intensive industry. It consumes about 7% of global energy supply, and conservative …

The steel sector currently accounts for 7% of global energy-related CO2 emissions and
requires deep reform to disconnect from fossil fuels. Here, we investigate the market …

The highly energy-intensive iron and steel industry contributed about 25%(ref.) of global
industrial CO2 emissions in 2019 and is therefore critical for climate-change mitigation …

Achieving global climate goals will require prodigious increases in low-carbon electricity
generation, raising concerns about the scale of materials needed and associated …

The iron and steel industry is a critical sector for achieving China's carbon neutrality goal.
However, existing studies lack considering the multiple constraints including limited …

The global society faces an existential threat if it fails to meet current and future material
needs of its populations, while staying within the carrying capacity of our planet. An …

Steel production is a carbon and energy intensive activity, releasing 1.9 tons of CO 2 and
requiring 5.17 MWh of primary energy per ton produced, on average, globally, resulting in …