The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2~ 21 kPa) and its ultimate
distribution within mitochondria (as low as~ 0.5–1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended …

Abstract Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been
characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and “antioxidants” …

Metazoan organisms rely on conserved stress response pathways to alleviate adverse
conditions and preserve cellular integrity. Stress responses are particularly important in stem …

The defining hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew and maintain multipotency.
This capacity depends on the balance of complex signals in their microenvironment. Low …

Hypoxia is a physiological cue that impacts diverse physiological processes, including
energy metabolism, autophagy, cell motility, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis. One of the …

The majority of research on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has focused on their cellular
toxicities. Stem cells generally have been thought to maintain low levels of ROS as a …

Parkinson's disease (PD) coincides with a dramatic loss of dopaminergic neurons within the
substantia nigra. A key player in the loss of dopaminergic neurons is oxidative stress …

Regions of severe oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) arise in tumors due to rapid cell division
and aberrant blood vessel formation. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate …

Low levels of oxygen (O2) occur naturally in developing embryos. Cells respond to their
hypoxic microenvironment by stimulating several hypoxia-inducible factors (and other …

In addition to controlling a switch to glycolytic metabolism and induction of erythropoiesis
and angiogenesis, hypoxia promotes the undifferentiated cell state in various stem and …