Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the
innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers …

Summary Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an experimental vaccine
designed to protect cattle from bovine tuberculosis, was administered for the first time to a …

The mechanisms underlying innate immune memory have been extensively explored in the
last decades but are in fact largely unknown. Although the specificity of adaptive immune …

Induction of trained immunity by Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination mediates
beneficial heterologous effects, but the mechanisms underlying its persistence and …

Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity
and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the …

Trained immunity refers to a hyperresponsive functional state of the innate immune system,
which is induced by certain stimuli, such as infections or vaccination. Trained immunity plays …

The existing vaccine paradigm assumes that vaccines only protect against the target
infection, that effective vaccines reduce mortality corresponding to the target infection's …

Background Heterologous effects of vaccines are mediated by “trained immunity,” whereby
myeloid cells are metabolically and epigenetically reprogrammed, resulting in heightened …

Since the vast majority of species solely rely on innate immunity for host defense, it stands to
reason that a critical evolutionary trait like immunological memory evolved in this primitive …

The principle of trained immunity represents innate immune memory due to sustained,
mainly epigenetic, changes triggered by endogenous or exogenous stimuli in bone marrow …