Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a multi‐organ disease, encompassing heart, kidney and
vascular system dysfunction. CRS is a worldwide problem, with high morbidity, mortality, and …

Almost 200 years ago, the first evidence described by Robert Bright (1836) showed the
strong interaction between the kidneys and heart and, since then, the scientific community …

In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of gut microbiome contributing to CVD,
which include gut microbes translocalization to aortic artery because of gut barrier defect to …

The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a method for the determination of 10 uremic
toxins (3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), hippuric acid, indole-3 …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have an estimated 700–
800 and 523 million cases worldwide, respectively, with CVD being the leading cause of …

Cardiovascular disease is the predominant complication and leading cause of mortality in
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous studies have revealed that uremic …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is represented by a diminished filtration capacity of the
kidneys. End-stage renal disease patients need dialysis treatment to remove waste and …

Non-dialysable protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) contribute to the development of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and vice versa. PBUTs have …

Aims Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a protein-bound uremic toxin, is implicated in endothelial
dysfunction, which contributes to adverse cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease …

Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) have adverse effects on vascular function, which is
imperative in the progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases. The role of …