The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the
causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that …

The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. During
an immune response the brain and the immune system “talk to each other” and this process …

Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute CNS injury. It
has recently become clear that CNS injury significantly increases susceptibility to infection …

In this chapter we argue that a variety of behavioral, affective, and cognitive phenomena are
driven by events in the immune system. These events occur in response to infection, injury …

Glucocorticoids are powerful regulators of immune function. Their role in reducing
inflammation and autoimmune responses is well known, as is their ability to induce …

Traditionally, both stress and depression have been associated with impaired immune
function and increased susceptibility to infectious and neoplastic disease. However over the …

Adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormones,
collectively called melanocortin peptides, exert multiple effects upon the host. These effects …

Cytokine-specific alterations of monoamine activity were evident in the hypothalamus,
hippocampus and prefrontal cortex 2 h following peripheral administration of recombinant …

Peripheral immune stimulation such as that provided by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been
reported to increase brain levels of IL-1β mRNA, immunoreactivity, and bioactivity. Stressors …

The nervous system and the immune system (IS) are two integrative systems that work
together to detect threats and provide host defense, and to maintain/restore homeostasis …