Background Functional–structural plant models (FSPMs) explore and integrate relationships
between a plant's structure and processes that underlie its growth and development. In the …

Several variables, including a rising human population, varying weather patterns in the
context of ongoing climate change, and the rapid worldwide spread of epidemics, all …

Traditional approaches for visual perception and evaluation of river landscapes adopt on-
site surveys or assessments through photographs. The former is expensive, hindering large …

The rapid and efficient estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB) in maize proves
advantageous for growth assessment, grain quality and yield prediction, and timely field …

The measurement of organ-scale traits in large-scale fields remains a bottleneck in
genotype-phenotype association studies for crop improvement. To address this issue, an …

Above-ground biomass (AGB) is an important basis for the formation of crop yield. The
accurate estimation of maize AGB based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images is …

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the three major cereal crops in the world. Leaf angle is an
important architectural trait of crops due to its substantial role in light interception by the …

Crop height is an essential parameter used to monitor overall crop growth, forecast crop
yield, and estimate crop biomass in precision agriculture. However, individual maize …

The estimation of water status of maize is important for evaluating crop growth and
conducting precision irrigation. The development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) …

Crop traits such as aboveground biomass (AGB), total leaf area (TLA), leaf chlorophyll
content (LCC), and thousand kernel weight (TWK) are important indices in maize breeding …