The intestinal tract harbors a diverse community of microbes that have co-evolved with the
host immune system. Although many of these microbes execute functions that are critical for …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors
that have a key role in immune homeostasis and the defense against infections. The …

Probiotics reduce stress-related inflammation and abnormal behaviors in humans and
rodents via regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The objective of this study was to …

Similar to mammals, several viral-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRR) have been
identified in birds including Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG …

Newly hatched chickens are confronted by a wide array of pathogenic microbes because
their adaptive immune defences have limited capabilities to control these pathogens. In such …

The reduction of antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge for the scientific community. In
a few decades, infections by resistant bacteria are forecasted to be the main cause of death …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors, and primitive sources of
innate immune response that also play key roles in the defense mechanism against …

In mammals, the inducible cytokine interleukin 10 is a feedback negative regulator of
inflammation. To determine the extent to which this function is conserved in birds …

Mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian Influenza A viruses. While most
influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial …

Chicken raised under commercial conditions are vulnerable to environmental exposure to a
number of pathogens. Therefore, regular vaccination of the flock is an absolute requirement …