Suffering related to dementia is multifaceted because cognitive and physical functioning
slowly deteriorates. Advanced age and sex, two of the most prominent risk factors for …

Men and women exhibit differences in the development and progression of Alzheimer's
disease (AD). The factors underlying the sex differences in AD are not well understood. This …

Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E
2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different …

The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final
years of a woman's reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and …

Women have a higher incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases than men, and
85% or more patients of multiple autoimmune diseases are female. Women undergo …

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous
system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are …

Hormone therapy (HT) is an effective treatment for menopausal symptoms, including
vasomotor symptoms and genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Randomized trials also …

Parkinson's disease (PD) displays a greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men.
This review addresses the concept that sex differences in PD are determined, largely, by …

It is widely accepted that the brain and the immune system continuously interact during
normal as well as pathological functioning. Human aging is commonly accompanied by low …

Microglia can transform into proinflammatory/classically activated (M1) or anti-inflammatory/
alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes following environmental signals related to …