The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the
chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory …

The human nose is often considered something of a luxury, but in the rest of the animal
world, from bacteria to mammals, detecting chemicals in the environment has been critical to …

The medial amygdala (MeA) plays a critical role in processing species-and sex-specific
signals that trigger social and defensive behaviors. However, the principles by which this …

We generated transgenic mice in which red, green, yellow, or cyan fluorescent proteins
(together termed XFPs) were selectively expressed in neurons. All four XFPs labeled …

Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons regulate fertility and
integrate hormonal status with environmental cues to ensure reproductive success. Here we …

The instinctive and species-specific behavioural response of animals to pheromones has
intrigued biologists for a long time. Recent molecular and electrophysiological approaches …

The chemical senses (smell and taste) have evolved complex repertoires of chemosensory
receptors—G-protein coupled receptors with a seven-transmembrane domain structure. In …

The gustatory system of mammals can sense four basic taste qualities, bitter, sweet, salty
and sour, as well as umami, the taste of glutamate,,,,,. Previous studies suggested that the …

Several developments during the past 15 years have profoundly affected our understanding
of the vomeronasal system (VNS) of vertebrates. In the mid 1990s, the vomeronasal …

Mammalian pheromones control a myriad of innate social behaviors and acutely regulate
hormone levels. Responses to pheromones are highly robust, reproducible, and stereotyped …