Clostridium difficile is the cause of antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous
colitis. The pathogen produces three protein toxins: C. difficile toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) …

Binary toxin (CDT) is frequently observed in Clostridium difficile strains associated with
increased severity of C. difficile infection (CDI). CDT belongs to the family of binary ADP …

Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases
(PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at …

Clostridium difficile infection causes antibiotics-associated diarrhea and
pseudomembranous colitis. Major virulence factors of C. difficile are the Rho-glucosylating …

Bacterial AB toxins are secreted key virulence factors that are internalized by target cells
through receptor-mediated endocytosis, translocating their enzymatic domain to the cytosol …

Infection with Clostridioides difficile (CDI), a common healthcare-associated infection,
includes symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to severe cases of pseudomembranous …

Some pathogenic spore-forming bacilli employ a binary protein mechanism for intoxicating
the intestinal tracts of insects, animals, and humans. These Gram-positive bacteria and their …

Binary enterotoxins Clostridium (C.) botulinum C2 toxin, C. perfringens iota toxin and C.
difficile toxin CDT are composed of a transport (B) and a separate non-linked enzyme (A) …

Bacterial AB-type toxins are proteins released by the producing bacteria and are the
causative agents for several severe diseases including cholera, whooping cough, diphtheria …

Clostridial binary toxins (Clostridium perfringens Iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase,
Clostridium spiroforme toxin, Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin) as Bacillus binary toxins …