Autonomous robots comprise actuation, energy, sensory and control systems built from
materials and structures that are not necessarily designed and integrated for …

The area of artificial muscle is a highly interdisciplinary field of research that has evolved
rapidly in the last 30 years. Recent advances in nanomaterial fabrication and …

Although guest-filled carbon nanotube yarns provide record performance as torsional and
tensile artificial muscles, they are expensive, and only part of the muscle effectively …

Mechanical energy harvesters are needed for diverse applications, including self-powered
wireless sensors, structural and human health monitoring systems, and the extraction of …

Untethered twist fibers do not require end‐anchoring structures to hold their twist orientation
and offer simple designs and convenient operation. The reversible responsiveness of these …

Lightweight artificial muscle fibers that can match the large tensile stroke of natural muscles
have been elusive. In particular, low stroke, limited cycle life, and inefficient energy …

Twisted-fiber artificial muscles, a new type of soft actuator, exhibit significant potential for use
in applications related to lightweight smart devices and soft robotics. Fiber twisting …

Abstract 4D printing is an emerging field where 3D printing techniques are used to pattern
stimuli‐responsive materials to create morphing structures, with time serving as the fourth …

Conspectus Nature's evolution over billions of years has led to the development of different
kinds of twisted structures in a variety of biological species. Twisted fibers from nanoscale-to …

High-performance yarn artificial muscles are highly desirable as miniature actuators,
sensors, energy harvesters, and soft robotics. However, achieving a yarn artificial muscle …