In terms of the availability and accuracy of positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT), the
traditional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) algorithms and models perform well …

The ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is an important ionospheric parameter, and it is
widely utilized in research such as space weather prediction and precise positioning …

Modeling ionospheric variability throughout a proper total electron content (TEC) parameter
estimation is a demanding, however, crucial, process for achieving better accuracy and …

The forecasting of ionospheric electron density has been of great interest to the research
scientists and engineers' community as it significantly influences satellite-based navigation …

The Urmia lake in north-west Iran has dried up to perilously low levels in the past two
decades. In this study, we investigate the drivers behind the decline in lake water level with …

In the Global Navigation Satellite System, ionospheric delay is a significant source of error.
The magnitude of the ionosphere total electron content (TEC) directly impacts the magnitude …

Abstract Global Positioning System (GPS) services could be improved through prediction of
ionospheric delays for satellite-based radio signals. With respect to latitude, longitude, local …

The distribution of total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere is irregular and complex,
and it is hard to model accurately. The polynomial (POLY) model is used extensively for …

Mapping the ionosphere over low-latitude regions with a high accuracy is a challenging task
due to the complex nature of the ionospheric structure. In this study, the artificial neural …

Given the continuous operation of satellite-based navigation applications, modeling of Total
Electron Content (TEC) during magnetic disturbed periods is a significant challenge. The …