Background Inflammation in the lung is the body's natural response to injury. It acts to
remove harmful stimuli such as pathogens, irritants, and damaged cells and initiate the …

Appearance of alveolar protein-rich edema is an early event in the development of acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alveolar edema in ARDS results from a significant …

The recovery of an intact epithelium following lung injury is critical for restoration of lung
homeostasis. The initial processes following injury include an acute inflammatory response …

Pulmonary fibrosis and architectural remodeling of tissues can severely disrupt lung
function, often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrotic diseases is varied …

Airway remodeling comprises the structural changes of airway walls, induced by repeated
injury and repair processes. It is characterized by the changes of tissue, cellular, and …

IL-13 was first recognized for its effects on B cells and monocytes, where it upregulated class
II expression, promoted IgE class switching and inhibited inflammatory cytokine production …

▪ Abstract When asthma is diagnosed, eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling are
established in the bronchial airways and can no longer be separated as cause and effect …

Lung macrophages are long living cells with broad differentiation potential, which reside in
the lung interstitium and alveoli or are organ-recruited upon inflammatory stimuli. A role of …

Bronchial asthma is a complex disorder that is thought to arise as a result of aberrant T‐
lymphocyte responses to noninfectious environmental antigens. In particular, the symptoms …

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exacerbations are generally associated
with several causes, including pollutants, viruses, bacteria that are responsible for an excess …