Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) are among the main causes of inflammatory
and neurodegenerative injury of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adult patients …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are identified by the progressive deterioration of
neurons and a subsequent decline in cognitive function, creating an enormous burden on …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological
disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well …

Excessive alcohol use disrupts neuroimmune signaling across various cell types, including
neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. The present review focuses on recent, albeit limited …

Objective Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐2 (TREM2) and progranulin
(PGRN) are critical regulators of microglia activation and can be detected in cerebrospinal …

Obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with neurodegenerative
diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a …

Multiple studies have shown the importance of blood-based biomarkers indicating axonal
damage (serum neurofilament light chains [sNfL]) or astroglia activation (serum glial fibrillary …

Objective This study was undertaken to apply established and emerging cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy in patients with rapidly progressive …

Considerable evidence supports that cytokines are important mediators of pathophysiologic
processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Numerous studies have documented …

Background Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a severe
inflammatory disease, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 …