The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Unravelling the functional operation of neuronal networks and linking cellular activity to
specific behavioural outcomes are among the biggest challenges in neuroscience. In this …

Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of the spinal cord restores locomotion in animal models
of spinal cord injury but is less effective in humans. Here we hypothesized that this …

Muscle fatigue is an exercise-induced reduction in maximal voluntary muscle force. It may
arise not only because of peripheral changes at the level of the muscle, but also because …

Locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program and
feedback mechanisms. The central program relies fundamentally on a genetically …

When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in
muscles, joints and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal …

4.2. Effectiveness of activation 4.3. Multimodal input 4.4. Shared input 5. Functional
subdivision 6. Interneuronal selection 6.1. Modulation of sensitivity of receptors 6.2. Gating …

What does the swimming leech have to do with the running human? The ability to move
actively in space is essential to members of the animal kingdom, and the evolution of the …

Mammalian motor behavior is enabled by a hierarchy of interleaved circuit modules
constructed by interneurons in the spinal cord, sensory feedback loops, and bilateral …

Many individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) do not regain their ability to walk, even though
it is a primary goal of rehabilitation. Mammals with thoracic spinal cord transection can …