Early life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for mental illness, but the neurobiological
mechanisms by which ELA increases the risk for future psychopathology are still poorly …

Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that
environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological …

Using olfactory molecular specificity, we examined the inheritance of parental traumatic
exposure, a phenomenon that has been frequently observed, but not understood. We …

During the latter half of the twentieth century, an explosion of research elucidated a growing
number of causes of disease and contributors to health. Biopsychosocial models that …

Psychiatric disorders are complex multifactorial illnesses involving chronic alterations in
neural circuit structure and function as well as likely abnormalities in glial cells. While …

Although we generally experience our bodies as being biologically stable across time and
situations, an emerging field of research is demonstrating that external social conditions …

Objective: To review general principles of brain development, identify basic principles of
brain plasticity, and discuss factors that influence brain development and plasticity. Method …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) receives input from all other cortical regions and functions to
plan and direct motor, cognitive, affective, and social behavior across time. It has a …

Young children who experience toxic stress are at high risk for a number of health outcomes
in adulthood, including cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, and depression. The …

Many lines of evidence, including epidemiologic data and extensive clinical and
experimental studies, indicate that early life events play a powerful role in influencing later …