The cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by the death of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN c). Alpha‐synuclein …

Many lesion studies report an amazing variety of deficits in behavioral functions that cannot
possibly be encoded in great detail by the relatively small number of midbrain dopamine …

Recent studies indicate that dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and
substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) convey distinct signals. To explore this difference, we …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

Besides their fundamental movement function evidenced by Parkinsonian deficits, the basal
ganglia are involved in processing closely linked non-motor, cognitive and reward …

Akinesia and gait disturbances are particularly incapacitating for patients with Parkinson's
disease. The anatomical and physiological substrates for these disturbances are poorly …

Microinfusions of the nicotinic antagonist dihydro-ß-erythroidine (DHßE) were used to
examine the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in nicotine reinforcement in rats …

Central to the neural mechanism of MPTP‐induced parkinsonism is overactivity of the
subthalamic nucleus. Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus has therefore been performed in …

Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of
their neurochemical nature, their discharge properties, and their connectivity. Such …

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTn) was originally defined on cytoarchitectonic
grounds in humans. We have employed cytoarchitectonic, cytochemical, and connectional …