Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

Stress constitutes a state of threatened homeostasis triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic
adverse forces (stressors) and is counteracted by an intricate repertoire of physiologic and …

Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on our
attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety. Although the symptoms of fear and anxiety …

Stress precipitates depression and alters its natural history. Major depression and the stress
response share similar phenomena, mediators and circuitries. Thus, many of the features of …

Since corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was first characterized, a growing family of ligands
and receptors has evolved. The mammalian family members include CRF, urocortinI (UcnI) …

Exposure to hostile conditions initiates responses organized to enhance the probability of
survival. These coordinated responses, known as stress responses, are composed of …

The term 'learned helplessness' refers to a constellation of behavioral changes that follow
exposure to stressors that are not controllable by means of behavioral responses, but that …

Disruptions in homeostasis (ie, stress) place demands on the body that are met by the
activation of 2 systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic …

Stress is defined as a state of perturbed homeostasis following endangerment that evokes
manifold adaptive reactions, which are summarized as the stress response. In the case of …

Rationale Accumulating evidence indicates that brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and
dynorphin, the endogenous ligand that binds at these receptors, are involved in regulating …