Aberrant protein phosphorylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and in many cases
a prerequisite to sustain tumor development and progression. Like protein kinases, protein …

The multi-functional cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has growth inhibitory
and anti-inflammatory roles during homeostasis and the early stages of cancer. Aberrant …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with clinical hallmarks of
progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. Gynostemma pentaphyllum ameliorates …

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also known as MITA and ERIS) is critical in protecting
the host against DNA pathogen invasion. However, the molecular mechanism underlying …

The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) subunit p65, plays an important role in the progression of
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Phosphorylation of p65 is considered as an important …

Regulated cell death is one major factor to ensure homoeostasis in multicellular organisms.
For decades, apoptosis was considered as the sole form of regulated cell death, whereas …

Background Ulcerative colitis is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, characterized by
relapsing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract with limited treatment options. Previous …

Sirtuin 2 is a nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase that regulates cell
processes such as carcinogenesis, cell cycle, DNA damage, and infection. Subcellular …

Background Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation induced by transforming growth factor β1
(TGF-β1) plays a pivotal role in fibrogenesis, while the complex downstream mediators of …

Cytosolic RNA sensing is a prerequisite for initiation of innate immune response against
RNA viral pathogens. Signaling through RIG-I (retinoic acid–inducible gene I)–like receptors …