Metabolic perturbations underlie a variety of cardiovascular disease states; yet, metabolic
interventions to prevent or treat these disorders are sparse. Ketones carry a negative clinical …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver diseases, arise
from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) characterized by excessive fat accumulation as …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is
clinically featured by progressive albuminuria, consequent to glomerular destruction that …

Various intermittent fasting (IF) dietary plans have gained popularity among obese
individuals in recent years as a means of achieving weight loss. However, studies …

Objective The ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by very limited dietary carbohydrate intake
and used as nutritional treatment for GLUT1-deficiency syndromes and pharmacologically …

Ketone bodies are increasingly understood to have regulatory effects on immune cell
function, with β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) exerting a predominantly anti-inflammatory response …

Abstract d-β-hydroxybutyrate (d-3HB), a monomer of microbial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), is
also a natural ketone body produced during carbohydrate deprivation to provide energy to …

Diverse neurological disorders are associated with a deficit in brain energy metabolism,
often characterized by acute or chronic glucose hypometabolism. Ketones serve as the …

Exogenous oral ketone supplements, primarily in form of ketone salts or esters, have
emerged as a useful research tool for manipulating metabolism with potential therapeutic …

During conditions that result in depleted circulating glucose levels, ketone bodies
synthesized in the liver are necessary fuel substrates for the brain. In other organs, such as …