Although we have sent humans into space for more than 50 years crucial questions
regarding kidney physiology, volume regulation and osmoregulation remain unanswered …

In recent times, the traditional nephrocentric, two-compartment model of body sodium has
been challenged by long-term sodium balance studies and experimental work on the dermal …

The average dietary salt (ie, sodium chloride) intake in Western society is about 10 g per
day. This greatly exceeds the lifestyle recommendations by the WHO to limit dietary salt …

The key message from the 1958 Edelman study states that combinations of external gains or
losses of sodium, potassium and water leading to an increase of the fraction (total body …

Introduction The diagnostic algorithms currently used for hypotonic hyponatremia focus
primarily on impaired urinary dilution and often neglect the influence of free water intake and …

Plasma sodium shifts during hemodialysis treatments can be minimized by application of a
sodium control algorithm. The present randomized cross-over trial was designed to apply …

Background Rapid correction of dysnatremias can result in neurological complications.
Therefore, various formulas are available to predict changes in plasma sodium …

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are essential for crop growth, which are abundant in
urine. Although numerous studies have developed techniques to recover ammonium and …

Background By binding to negatively charged polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans,
sodium can be stored in the body—particularly in the skin—without concurrent water …

Evidence suggests the focus for sodium replacement during exercise should be
maintenance of plasma sodium concentration ([Na+] plasma) for any given total body water …