Half a century after the first formulation of the monoamine hypothesis, compelling evidence
implies that long-term changes in an array of brain areas and circuits mediating complex …

This review of major depressive disorder is a comprehensive account of the genetic,
biochemical, and neurophysiological changes that have been implicated in the disorder. No …

Ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, displays
a fast antidepressant activity in treatment-resistant depression and in rodent models of …

All available antidepressant medications are based on serendipitous discoveries of the
clinical efficacy of two classes of antidepressants more than 50 years ago. These tricyclic …

Mood disorders are common, chronic, recurrent mental illnesses that affect the lives of
millions of individuals worldwide. To date, the monoaminergic systems (serotonergic …

In mood disorders, there is growing evidence for glutamatergic abnormalities derived from
peripheral measures of glutamatergic metabolites in patients, postmortem studies on …

Weight gain during antidepressant treatment can be either a sign of improvement in patients
who have weight loss as a symptom of depression or a residual symptom in patients who …

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In normal life, organisms are repeatedly exposed to brief periods of stress, most of which can
be controlled and adequately dealt with. The presently available data indicate that such brief …

Recent compelling evidence has suggested that the glutamate system is a primary mediator
of psychiatric pathology and also a target for rapid-acting antidepressants. Clinical research …