Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

In the past 15 years, there have been rapid developments in the ability to cotranslationally
incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins produced in cells, both at defined sites via …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Over the last decade, the ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has
evolved rapidly. The programmed incorporation of UAAs into recombinant proteins relies on …

Genetic code expansion and reprogramming enable the site-specific incorporation of
diverse designer amino acids into proteins produced in cells and animals. Recent advances …

The genetic incorporation of the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid, pyrrolysine (Pyl) at amber
codon is achieved by the action of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) together with its …

Bioorthogonal chemistries can be used to tag diverse classes of biomolecules in cells and
other complex environments. With over 20 unique transformations now available, though …

The use of covalent chemistry to track biomolecules in their native environment—a focus of
bioorthogonal chemistry—has received considerable interest recently among chemical …

To site-specifically incorporate an unnatural amino acid (UAA) into target proteins in
Escherichia coli, we use a suppressor plasmid that provides an engineered suppressor …