Inflammation is currently considered a prime target for the development of new stroke
therapies. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and then circulating …

The most characteristic feature of microglial cells is their rapid activation in response to even
minor pathological changes in the CNS. Microglia activation is a key factor in the defence of …

This review is directed at understanding how neuronal death occurs in two distinct insults,
global ischemia and focal ischemia. These are the two principal rodent models for human …

Stroke is a serious neurological disease, and constitutes a major cause of death and
disability throughout the world. The pathophysiology of stroke is complex, and involves …

Inflammation is a hallmark of stroke pathology. The cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF),
interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, modulate tissue injury in experimental stroke and are therefore …

Background and Purpose Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine that
rapidly upregulates in the brain after injury. The present study was designed to explore the …

Contrary to previous dogmas, it is now well established that brain cells can produce
cytokines and chemokines, and can express adhesion molecules that enable an in situ …

Cerebral microvessels have a unique ultrastructure form, which allows for the close
relationship of the endothelium and blood elements to the neurons they serve, via …

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. Yet, in
spite of substantial research and development efforts, no specific therapy for stroke is …

If cytokines are constitutively expressed by and act on neurons in normal adult brain, then
we may have to modify our current view that they are predominantly inflammatory mediators …