Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence
suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a series of neurodevelopmental disorders that are
characterized by deficits in both social and cognitive functions. Although the exact etiology …

Microglia, resident macrophages of the CNS, are essential to brain development,
homeostasis, and disease. Microglial activation and proliferation are hallmarks of many CNS …

Chronic pain affects the life quality of the suffering patients and posts heavy problems to the
health care system. Conventional medications are usually insufficient for chronic pain …

A high-intensity potentially tissue-injuring stimulus generates a homotopic response to
escape the stimulus and is associated with an affective phenotype considered to represent …

The microglia, once thought only to be supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS),
are now recognized to play essential roles in many pathologies. Many studies within the last …

Inflammatory pain is caused by peripheral tissue injury and inflammation. Inflammation
leads to peripheral sensitization, which may further cause central sensitization, resulting in …

The key role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is strongly supported by the observation that their blockage is …

Chronic pain is a maladaptive condition affecting 7%− 10% of the population worldwide and
can be accompanied by depression, anxiety, and insomnia. In particular, chronic pain is …

Bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, causes dose-limiting peripheral neuropathy in
humans. Berberine (BBR), which has various biological and pharmacological properties, is …