Oxidative stress (OS) is a metabolic dysfunction mediated by the imbalance between the
biochemical processes leading to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Endothelial cells (ECs) constitute the innermost layer in all blood vessels to maintain the
structural integrity and microcirculation function for coronary microvasculature. Impaired …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the …

NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key
molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of …

Significance: Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression
of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Enhanced oxidative stress results from overproduction of …

Vascular aging, a determinant factor for cardiovascular disease and health status in the
elderly, is now viewed as a modifiable risk factor. Impaired endothelial vasodilation is a early …

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a group of diseases in which one of a large number of
mutations causes death of rod photoreceptors. After rods die, cone photoreceptors slowly …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in physiological and pathological
processes. In recent years, a feed-forward regulation of the ROS sources has been reported …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS, eg nitric oxide, NO) are
well recognised for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. ROS and …

At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are
hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate …