Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in
perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that …

The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the
pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia …

Most complex human traits differ by sex, but we have limited insight into the underlying
mechanisms. Here, we investigated the influence of biological sex on protein expression …

Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is an important subject of
neuroimmunological research. Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key …

Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the
yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site …

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell–cell and cell–matrix
interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising …

Lipofuscin is an autofluorescent (AF) pigment formed by lipids and misfolded proteins, which
accumulates in postmitotic cells with advanced age. Here, we immunophenotyped microglia …

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this
idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent …

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can replace endogenous microglia with
circulation-derived macrophages but has high mortality. To mitigate the risks of HSCT and …