Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

Abstract The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key proteins that allow mammals—whether
immunologically naive or experienced—to detect microbes. They lie at the core of our …

Clinical response to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is correlated with CAR T
cell persistence, especially for CAR T cells that target CD19+ hematologic malignancies. 4 …

T cells are critical in orchestrating protective immune responses to cancer and an array of
pathogens. The interaction between a peptide MHC (pMHC) complex on antigen presenting …

Positive and negative costimulation by members of the CD28 family is critical for the
development of productive immune responses against foreign pathogens and their proper …

Expansion and acquisition of Th1 cell effector function requires metabolic reprogramming;
however, the signals instructing these adaptations remain poorly defined. Here we found …

CD28 costimulation regulates a wide range of cellular processes, from proliferation and
survival to promoting the differentiation of specialized T-cell subsets. Since first being …

Checkpoint blockade revolutionized cancer therapy, but we still lack a quantitative,
mechanistic understanding of how inhibitory receptors affect diverse signaling pathways. To …

Apoptosis has been proposed as a contributing cellular mechanism to the structural
alterations that have been observed in stress-related mood disorders. Antidepressants, on …

T‐cell proliferation and function depends on signals from the antigen‐receptor complex
(TCR/CD3) and by various co‐receptors such as CD28 and CTLA‐4. The balance of positive …