The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that
cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal …

Small GTPases use GDP/GTP alternation to actuate a variety of functional switches that are
pivotal for cell dynamics. The GTPase switch is turned on by GEFs, which stimulate …

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Insulin, which is produced in β-cells, is a critical regulator of metabolism …

This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that is encoded in the proglucagon gene. It is
mainly produced in enteroendocrine L cells of the gut and is secreted into the blood stream …

Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, is released from intestinal L-
cells in response to nutrients. GLP-1 lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin …

Taskén, Kjetil, and Einar Martin Aandahl. Localized Effects of cAMP Mediated by Distinct
Routes of Protein Kinase A. Physiol Rev 84: 137–167, 2004; 10.1152/physrev. 00021.2003 …

cAMP is a universal second messenger of many G-protein-coupled receptors and regulates
a wide variety of cellular events. cAMP exerts its effects via cAMP-dependent protein kinase …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

cAMP‐mediated signaling pathways regulate a multitude of important biological processes
under both physiological and pathological conditions, including diabetes, heart failure and …