Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial pneumonia
with unknown causes. The incidence rate increases year by year and the prognosis is poor …

RAS genes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene
family in human cancer. With the highest RAS mutation frequencies seen with the top three …

PI3Ks are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate intracellular inositol lipids to regulate
signalling and intracellular vesicular traffic. Mammals have eight isoforms of PI3K, divided …

Phosphatidylinositide 3 kinases (PI3Ks) and their downstream mediators AKT and
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) constitute the core components of the …

Abstract The Rho GTPases—RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42—are small GTP binding proteins
that regulate basic biological processes such as cell locomotion, cell division and …

Despite more than three decades of intensive effort, no effective pharmacological inhibitors
of the RAS oncoproteins have reached the clinic, prompting the widely held perception that …

Purpose: KRAS is among the most commonly mutated oncogene in cancer including non–
small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In early clinical trials, inhibitors targeting G12C-mutant …

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are crucial coordinators of intracellular
signalling in response to extracellular stimuli. Hyperactivation of PI3K signalling cascades is …

Rho GTPases are well known for their roles in regulating cell migration, and also contribute
to a variety of other cellular responses. They are subdivided into 2 groups: typical and …

The central role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation in tumour cell biology has
prompted a sizeable effort to target PI3K and/or downstream kinases such as AKT and …