Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease that primarily affects the
synovium of diarthrodial joints. During the course of RA, the synovium transforms into a …

The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from
over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs) are
defined by their exclusive activation by MAPKs. They can be activated by classical and …

Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and
current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions …

Objectives Nearly 110 susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with modest effect sizes
have been identified by population-based genetic association studies, suggesting a large …

Following pathogen infection or tissue damage, the stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells activates members …

Chronic overnutrition and obesity induces low-grade inflammation throughout the body.
Termed “meta-inflammation,” this chronic state of inflammation is mediated by macrophages …

In terms of both phenotype and function, macrophages have remarkable heterogeneity,
which reflects the specialization of tissue-resident macrophages in microenvironments as …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs by
relaying extracellular signals to intracellular responses. In mammals, there are more than a …