In the last few decades, there has been a progressive increase in the prevalence of allergic
rhinitis (AR) in China, where it now affects approximately 250 million people. AR prevention …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a sino-nasal chronic inflammatory disease, occurring in 5–
15% of the general population. CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is present in up to 30% of …

Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular structures which are essential for epithelial barrier
function and play an important role in antimicrobial defense. Epithelium dysfunction and type …

Rhinitis is an umbrella term of a group of upper airway diseases with nasal symptoms and
signs with different etiologies and various clinical features or traits. It can be classified into …

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is typically characterized by
Type 2 inflammation. Several biomarkers of eosinophilic inflammation, including Galectin …

Abstract Purpose of Review Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) includes different subtypes, among
which NAR with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) is the most important because of severity …

Eosinophils play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. However,
the relative importance of eosinophil activation and pathogenicity in driving the progression …

Mast cells (MCs) are fascinating cells of the innate immune system involved not only in
allergic reaction but also in tissue homeostasis, response to infection, wound healing …

Introduction Chronic Rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common chronic
disease with a high impact on patients' quality of life. If conservative and surgical guideline …

Abstract Purpose of Review Three biologics targeting type 2 inflammation have been
approved for the treatment of severe and uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal …