It has been 30 years since a'new'leukaemia termed adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) was
described in Japan, and more than 25 years since the isolation of the retrovirus, human T …

Ca2+ is one of the most universal and versatile signaling molecules and is involved in
almost every aspect of cellular processes. Viruses are adept at utilizing the universal Ca2+ …

One of the initial responses of an organism to infection by pathogenic viruses is the
synthesis of antiviral cytokines such as the type I interferons (interferon-α/β), interleukins …

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in about 5%
of carriers after a long latent period. After its infection, HTLV-I promotes the clonal …

Human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are complex deltaretroviruses that do not contain a
proto-oncogene in their genome, yet are capable of transforming primary T lymphocytes …

This comprehensive review article dives deep into the Golgi apparatus, an essential
organelle in cellular biology. Beginning with its discovery during the 19th century until …

The type 3 iodothyronine selenodeiodinase (D3) is an integral membrane protein that
inactivates thyroid hormones. By using immunofluorescence cytochemistry confocal …

Abstract Calcium ions (Ca 2+) act as secondary messengers in a plethora of cellular
processes and play crucial role in cellular organelle function and homeostasis. The average …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal Ca2+ is vital for the function of the ER and regulates
many cellular processes. Calreticulin is a highly conserved, ER‐resident Ca2+ binding …

The transcription factor NF-κB is critical for the induction of cancer, including adult T-cell
leukemia, which is linked to infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and the …