Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology,
because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or …

One approach to experimental science involves creating hypotheses, then testing them by
varying one or more independent variables, and assessing the effects of this variation on the …

Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) includes inner BRB (iBRB) and outer BRB (oBRB), which are
formed by retinal capillary endothelial (RCEC) cells and by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) …

Lutein plays a crucial role in the protection of retina by diminishing oxidative stress in
diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, its poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability and low …

The gill is the principle site of xenobiotic transfer to and from the aqueous environment. To
replace, refine or reduce (3Rs) the large numbers of fish used in in vivo uptake studies an …

Hispidin, a polyphenol compound isolated from Phellinus linteus, has been reported to
possess antioxidant activities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms …

Taurine transport was investigated at the blood–testis barrier (BTB) formed by Sertoli cells.
An integration plot analysis of mice showed the apparent influx permeability clearance of …

Introduction: The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is the barrier separating the blood and neural
retina, and transport systems for low-weight molecules at the BRB are expected to be useful …

Memantine is clinically used for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and is
highly distributed to the brain. The aim of this study is to characterize memantine transport at …

About 30% of all small molecular drugs are organic cations (OCs). If these are more or less
hydrophilic, they require membrane transporters to pass through biological membranes …