Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final
years of a woman's reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and …

Hormones regulate homeostasis by communicating through the bloodstream to the body's
organs, including the brain. As homeostatic regulators of brain function, some hormones …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) effects on aging and neurodegeneration is still
controversial. However, it is widely admitted that IGF-1 is involved in the neuroinflammatory …

Stroke is a leading cause of death among women in the United States, and women are more
affected by stroke than men. With women living longer than men, women experience not …

There is ample empirical evidence to support the notion that the biological impacts of
estrogen extend beyond the gonads to other bodily systems, including the brain and …

With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book
provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of …

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in
clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex …

We previously showed that middle-aged female rats sustain a larger infarct following
experimental stroke as compared to younger female rats, and paradoxically, estrogen …